Journal: Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

Article Title: The effect of frontoparietal paired associative stimulation on decision-making and working memory

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.03.015

Figure Lengend Snippet: Neurostimulation montage and task design . A. Cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) consisted of one coil positioned over the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) (20° tilt posteriorly) and one coil positioned over the right lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) (20° tilt anteriorly), under neuronavigation (see insert). B. Illustration of target regions [x,y,z, in Montreal Neuroimaging Index (MNI) coordinates (in mm)]: the right LPFC (blue: 50,16,26), and right inferior parietal sulcus (yellow: 30,–60,50). For visualisation purposes only, we depict an example of the white matter tracts connecting IPS and LPFC coordinates. This illustration was made using previously-published diffusion-weighted imaging data from the Human Connectome Project (healthy subject dataset), employing deterministic tractography on a standardized structural connectome [see previous publication for methodological details and full results ( Horn et al., 2017 )]. C. The two-step task involved a first level of selection between two symbols, with each having a fixed probability of leading to a subsequent set of stimuli. At the second level, participants selected one of the new symbols, which were each associated with a differential probability of monetary reward. The second-level contingencies (i.e., reward probabilities) shifted slowly and independently over time according to Gaussian random walks; one example is illustrated in Fig. 1 C). D. The working memory task began with a fixation cross (500 msec) before presenting either three or six lines rotated around the fixation cross (3 lines in 75 trials; 6 lines in 75 trials; randomised order across trials), also for 500 msec. Last, participants had to rotate a probe line using the mouse, attempting to match its orientation to the line displayed in that location on the previous screen (unlimited time allowed).

Article Snippet: The coils were positioned (see A) over the posterior part of the right inferior frontal gyrus/BA44 (here referred to as LPFC) and posterior part of the right IPS under neuronavigation (Brainsight; Rogue Research Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada).

Techniques: Diffusion-based Assay, Imaging, Selection

Journal: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Article Title: Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation to the Secondary Visual Cortex at 80% Active Motor Threshold Does Not Impair Central Vision in Humans During a Simple Detection Task

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.709275

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of study procedures. Participants completed three sessions: baseline, cTBS, and sham-cTBS. Session order was randomized and counterbalanced across participants. T1 and T50, 1- and 50-min post-stimulation; cTBS, continuous theta burst stimulation; V2, secondary visual cortex. MRI scans were collected on Day 1 to guide target selection and TMS neuronavigation during subsequent visits. Note that the fMRI scans/tasks were unrelated to the research question being addressed in this paper (whether cTBS applied to V2 at 80% AMT causes blind spots) and thus are outside the scope of the present paper and will be reported elsewhere.

Article Snippet: Brainsight Neuronavigation software with Polaris 3D Tracking (Version 8; Rogue Research Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada) utilizing T1w images enabled precise localization of target-centric subject/coil tracking during stimulation.

Techniques: Selection